About three decades ago, AI theory underwent a sharp turn as a consequence of criticism that pointed out the problem of externalism in the cognitivist position. Hubert Dreyfus, undoubtedly the main exponent of this criticism, opened the possibility of a Heideggerian reading using the frame problem to bring to light obscurities that otherwise would have been very difficult to detect. However, the question still remains of whether or not Heidegger’s philosophy can serve as the source of a positive contribution to (...) AI. In this paper, we argue that in the small measure in which such a task has been attempted, its orientation has been hampered by the omission of what, for Heidegger, was the central issue to be pondered: the question for being and the ontological difference. To propose a possible direction in which AI can be headed as a consequence of this novel perspective, we undertake a brief and schematic review of two published projects suggesting that they both manage to avoid the frame problem and also bear this Heideggerian outlook. (shrink)

Several political philosophers have recently pointed out that current electoral democracies fail to facilitate accurate and reliable feedback on the performance of public officials. Rather than rejecting democracy as a hopeless ideal, we defend an institutional reform called Service Responsibility, which introduces a superior incentive structure that better aligns the interests of citizens and public officials. Service Responsibility requires increasing or decreasing the income of public officials insofar as they succeed or fail to achieve democratically chosen goals. Later, we consider (...) an alternative institutional scheme, recently proposed by Claudio López-Guerra: Piloting Responsibility. According to this alternative proposal, public officials must utilize a public provider whenever they seek out a basic service. We show that Piloting Responsibility fails to realize the democratic ideal because it generates a perverse incentive structure for public officials. We conclude that Service Responsibility outperforms both the status quo and Piloting Responsibility as an institutional scheme for ensuring competent governance and public justification. (shrink)

Game theory has proven useful in clarifying Hobbes’s argument that the state of nature will inevitably devolve into a state of war. Mathematically-leaning philosophers, however, have paid little attention to Rousseau’s depiction of the state of nature as a peaceful, asocial state of solitary wanderers. This paper articulates Rousseau’s critique of Hobbes in formal terms, which pinpoints two crucial issues in Hobbes’s account: the lack of an exit option and an unrealistic depiction of human nature. Building upon recent game-theoretic treatments (...) of Hobbes, we first construct a model that incorporates Rousseau’s criticisms by permitting an exit option and endogenizing human preferences and capacities. Second, we draw out the implications of Rousseau’s analysis for the question of political authority, which cannot be answered, as Hobbes believed, by invoking a hypothetical state of nature. (shrink)

The article describes several representations of Alexander the Great which were current in medieval Arabic learned circles and proposes some ideas on the genesis of these representations in the Greek and Syriac civilizations: 1) Alexander as moralist; 2) Alexander as a mystical philosopher who knew the mysterious links governing the cosmos; 3) Alexander as a monotheist philosopher who was charged with responsibility for the d; 4) Alexander as a cunning politician.

Commentaries on Aristotle's writings have been produced since the 2nd century AD. This edition contains Greek commentaries on his work from the 3rd to the 8th centuries AD by, among others, Alexander of Aphrodiensias, Themistios, Joh. Philoponus, Simplicius in Greek.

Die vom Antaios Verlag herausgegebene Publikation Lieber Chef … (2016) enthält Transkriptionen der Briefe Armin Mohlers sowie ›Paraphrasen‹ der Briefe Ernst Jüngers. Der Aufsatz analysiert, wie die ›Paraphrasen‹ die im Deutschen Literaturarchiv Marbach aufbewahrten Briefe Jüngers im Sinne der Neuen Rechten politisch umschreiben. Durch diese Praxis des Umschreibens gewinnt eine Tradierung an Kohärenz, der zufolge Ernst Jünger heute politisch auf der Seite der Neuen Rechten stehe. Der Blick in die Originalbriefe Jüngers ist indessen aufschlussreich, weil er nicht nur zeigen kann, (...) welcher Aneignungstechniken diese Erzählung bedarf, sondern auch, wo – und wie – Jünger tatsächlich an neurechte Diskurse anschließt. (shrink)

This article seeks to disclose the sense(s) of translation by attending to it in the phenomenological key with Edmund Husserl’s The Origin of Geometry. I suggest that the text could be approached through the prism of generative phenomenology, and I investigate it from two different perspectives: xenological and Derridean. Both perspectives are employed toward the same objective: to demonstrate the theoretical relevance of Husserl’s text to the understanding of a complex social phenomenon such as translation. The emphasis on sociality, historicity, (...) and tradition, as these themes transpire in The Origin, brings about a new understanding of translation as a phenomenon of the liminal in-between, with its basic structure defined as the encounter with the alien. Derrida gives this emphasis much attention in his commentary on The Origin. In this commentary, he focuses on the constitution of a communal history, which is not possible without the iteration of the origin, the basic means of which is communication on the general level, while on the level of different socio-cultural worlds translation comes up as the most optimal mode for the encounter with the alien. The encounter takes place in the liminal in-between which points to repeatability as the original sense of translation inscribed in the acts of binding and approximation. (shrink)

RESUMEN. “Justicia ambiental” es un binomio léxico complejo formado por un sustantivo (justicia) y un adjetivo (ambiental), lo cual no significa ni supone la prioridad o consecuente sumisión semántica de un té????????entescciado por un sustantivo (justicia) y un adjetivo (ambiental) que no supone la sumisiérmino sobre el otro, sino al contrario: la interacción e interdependencia de los componentes lingüísticos de la expresión refleja una predisposición del estado de ánimo e incluso una intención favorable u optimista hacia su aceptación incondicionada por (...) parte de todos, sin tener en cuenta la conveniencia de incidir en su contenido, equívoco o difuso en muchas ocasiones, bajo la necesaria observación de la evolución histórica del concepto desde un planteamiento político, social y jurídico. ABSTRACT. “Environmental justice” is a lexical binomial complex formed by a noun (justice) and a adjective (environmental), which neither means does not even suppose the priority or consistent semantic submission of a term to other one, but on the contrary: the interaction and interdependence of the linguistic components of the expression reflects a predisposition of the state of mind and even a favorable or optimistic intention towards his acceptance undetermined on the part of all, without bearing in mind the convenience of affecting in his content, pun or fuzzy in many occasions, under the necessary observation of the historical evolution of the concept from a political, social and juridical exposition. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungHumes Enquiry concerning Human Understanding entfaltet eine Konzeption von Freiheit und Verantwortlichkeit, der zufolge beides mit der These der »Notwendigkeit« vereinbar ist. Hume wirft dabei die Frage auf, ob ein Mensch oder Gott für moralisch böses Handeln dieses Menschen verantwortlich ist, wenn Gott existiert und als Schöpfer der Welt auch das Handeln von Menschen bestimmt. Der Aufsatz untersucht, welche Antwort Hume auf diese Frage gibt und welche Folgen sich aus seiner Antwort für eine angemessene Konzeption von menschlicher Freiheit und Verantwortlichkeit (...) ergeben. Wie deutlich wird, legt Hume sich darauf fest, dass in dem Fall, den er beschreibt, sowohl der Mensch als auch Gott frei und verantwortlich Handelnde sind. Wenn das zutrifft, müssen die Kriterien für Freiheit und Verantwortlichkeit grundsätzlich anders aufzufassen sein, als es der Forderung nach einem »ersten« oder »absoluten« Anfang oder einer »letzten« oder »wahren« Verantwortlichkeit entspricht. Humes Diskussion verdeutlicht, dass wir diese Forderung in Frage stellen sollten. (shrink)

This book, first published in 1992, attempts to unify the economic analysis of the production process in order to understand the effects of technical change. It is both an analytical representation of the production process, taking into account the temporal, organizational, and qualitative dimensions of production, and a fact-finding model for studying the economic effects of technical change. The inclusion of temporal and organizational aspects allows the author to examine the analytical implications of research on the nature of firms and (...) the characteristics of technical change, whilst the model is used to analyse technical changes that involve variations of scale or degrees of flexibility. This book deals with themes much discussed in research in industrial economics and management studies and is an important contribution to bringing these two areas of research closer together, providing a general framework for the study of production processes. (shrink)

Усім відомі реалізації діалогових генеративних великих мовних моделей (ВММ) справляють враження. І у цьому – їхнє головне, конструктивно зумовлене завдання. Принцип породження і суть ВММ – ефективна імітація (parroting). Якщо для людини мовлення – це відповідальний осмислений акт, то для ВММ це просто зумовлена, детерміністична дія з приблизного відтворення (відображення) раніше почутого (з привнесеними елементами невизначеності – трюк для різноманітності). Діалогові ВММ відтворюють «підслухані» на етапі навчання «діалоги» (деяку підмножину навчального корпусу символічних послідовностей), керуючись цільовою («об’єктивною») функцією задоволення оператора ВММ. (...) Отже, завданням ВММ насправді є успішне уведення нас у самооману. Зокрема – і щодо епістемічного значення і цінності маніфестованих ними виразів. Останнє являє собою як одне з потенційно найбільш корисних застосувань ВММ, так і, одночасно, одне з найнебезпечніших – тоді, коли очікувана прагматична цінність інтерпретованих нами виразів ВММ значно перевищує виявлене чи припущене нами їх епістемічне значення. Глибоко вкорінене у філософії й гуманітаристиці взагалі переконання у привілейованій локалізації «розумності» в людині і подібних до неї її богах, при спостереженні мовленнєвої поведінки, настільки подібної до людської, веде до абдуктивного метависновку про наявність у ВММ відповідних такій поведінці атрибутів. Проте ВММ як такі не мають безпосереднього доступу до фактів світу, їх моделі (world model) і зворотного зв’язку з ними – це моделі мови, про світ і не тільки. Тому ВММ на етапі експлуатації (висновування), власне, «бачить» і «чує» лише себе: у її контексті немає інструментів для розрізнення між собою і світом, між собою і своїм співбесідником. Змістовна епістемічна цінність та епістемічне значення продуктів генерації ВММ визначаються її користувачем (людиною чи машиною) шляхом так чи інакше осмисленого останнім втручання в процес генерації на основі власного оцінювання і встановлення значення її проміжних результатів. Фундаментальний внутрішній (і, до того ж, стохастичний) когерентизм та знеособленість ВММ уцілому покладають обов’язок інтерпретації їх виводу і наступної перевірки (верифікації та валідації) змісту такої інтерпретації на зовнішнього щодо самої ВММ спостерігача (користувача або оператора). У цьому розумінні ВММ як знеособлені генератори зовнішньо схожих на судження символічних послідовностей є повністю безвідповідальними, а виправданість їх застосування як компонентів будь-яких систем підтримки прийняття високоризикованих рішень залишається принципово сумнівною. (shrink)

Rorty claimed that politics is more important than science and philosphy, even his own philosophy. From pragmatist point of view science is also problemsolving and belongs to practice in broader sense.

En este artículo se ofrece una re-lectura del ensayo de Moore “The refutation of idealism” que, oponiéndose a lo que es la tendencia mayoritaria, llama la atención sobre el hecho de que la crítica al idealismo remite en Moore, en última instancia, a la propuesta de una teoría de la subjetividad cuya base es introspectivo-fenomenológica.: In this paper a new reading of Moore’s essay “The refutation of idealism” is offered, which, in opposition to the main trend, stresses the fact that (...) Moore’s criticism of idealism is related ultimately to the proposal of a theory of subjectivity whose foundations are phenomenological and introspective.Keywords: Moore, idealism, subjectivity, phenomenology. (shrink)

Bioethics, Volume 36, Issue 4, Page 453-460, May 2022.

Classic ethnological study of the idea that Native Americans and other cultures in distant parts of the world have created identical ritual patterns to express their separate discoveries of a single insight. "For anyone who wishes a good, readable technical introduction to the spiritual side of the Indian, this is the book."-San Francisco Chronicle. For students and general readers interested in Native American thought. Notes. Index.

The article provides a reply to critical remarks made during the discussion about creativity and scientific knowledge. The authors propose to consider their concept of creativity not as antagonistic or incommensurable with the alternative, but rather co-existing through the complementarity principle. Responding to a comment about the socio-cultural conditionality of a particular cognitive situation, the authors question whether globalization seriously influence this matter in science. They support the statement about the importance of the interaction between science and art, science and (...) philosophy as an opportunity to consider scientific problems from the outside, in an unusual way. Regarding the comment about serendipity, the authors note that in certain cases we need exactly epistemological randomization, since we cannot consciously induce serendipity. In conclusion, thanks are expressed to all participants in the discussion. (shrink)

It is well known that the dominant paradigm underlying the free movement jurisprudence of the Court of Justice has progressively shifted from the ‘market citizen’ to the EU citizen: in order to invoke free movement and equal treatment rights an economic nexus is no longer needed, allowing, for example, students to claim equal treatment with host Member State nationals as regards access to education and the receipt of study grants. Normatively, however, this raises important questions. The classic logic whereby these (...) free movement and equal treatment rights were provided to Member State nationals as a quid pro quo for their contribution to and participation in a project of European integration—the establishment of the common market—is undermined. A new ‘aim’ or ‘rationale’ is thus needed, capable of explaining and informing the citizenship jurisprudence of the Court. The purpose of this article is to construct a conceptual framework for the Court’s EU citizenship jurisprudence by relying on a cosmopolitan vision of citizenship as set out by Immanuel Kant in his seminal work Zum ewigen Frieden. It is submitted in this article that Kant’s cosmopolitan right of hospitality, meant to guarantee interaction between the peoples of the world with a view to developing a shared universal conscience characterised by a desire for peace and prosperity, in essence informs the EU citizenship jurisprudence of the Court. (shrink)

This essay concerns itself with the Lawyer cartoon, a thematic subgenre of the “The New Yorker Magazine” cartoon, which focuses on the legal profession in the US context. An examination of the cultural meaning of this phenomenon is carried out on the strength of ethnography of communication, which discloses the cartoon as a cultural, social and rhetorical artifact. Among the findings of this study are the structural components, functions, and the rules of configuring the Lawyer cartoon toward it becoming a (...) matter of “risibility” as well as a matter of cultural symbolism. By presenting the attorney as an abnormal character with excessive and hypocritical characteristics, the Lawyer cartoon points to the ascriptions of a disrupted self, making the profession appear as fundamentally inauthentic. (shrink)

This article examines the verbτιθαιβώσσω, a Homeric hapax legomenon of unknown meaning and etymology: it reviews its use in Hellenistic poetry and strives to provide a contextually plausible meaning for the verb (‘to sting’), as well as for the related adjectiveθιβρός(‘stinging, mordant, piquant’). It argues thatτιθαιβώσσωis etymologically related to Latinfīgere‘insert, pierce’,fībula‘pin’, Lithuaniandíegti‘to poke, sting’, and Tocharian Btsākā- ‘to bite’.